Bioaccumulation of organotin compounds in the marbled electric ray (Torpedo marmorata) in the northern Adriatic Sea

Organotin compounds (OTC), tri-, di- and monobutyl tin, were determined in the tissues of marbled electric ray (Torpedo marmorata) in the Adriatic Sea. Marbled electric ray specimens were provided by local fishermen from three localities in the northern Adriatic: area close to the shipyard in Se & ccaron;a, the natural protected area Strunjan Nature Reserve and along the west Istrian coast. To assess the concentration of OTC in the environment, sediment samples were also analysed. After an adequate extraction of OTC from both matrices, their concentrations were determined by GC-ICP-MS. The results indicate that the accumulation of TBT (tributyltin) and DBT (dibutyltin) in the marbled electric ray is related to the possible pollution sources, since their total concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the area close to the shipyard (up to 69 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w.) in comparison to the other two areas less affected by direct pollution (up to 7 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w.). TBT concentrations ranged from 2 to 42 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w., DBT concentrations were in the range from 2 to 22 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w., and MBT concentrations were mostly below the detection limit with the highest up to 4 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w. The proportion of the three determined congener concentrations in sediment samples indicate a temporally older pollution with these compounds, with prevailing DBT and MBT concentrations up to 30 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w., and much lower TBT concentrations up to 7 mu g Sn kg(-1), w.w. According to our results, marbled electric ray could be considered as an ideal bioindicator of environmental pollution due to its ecological characteristics.