Association between consumption of small fish and all-cause mortality among Japanese: the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study

Objective: Although small fish are an important source of micronutrients, the relationship between their intake and mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the association between intake of small fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.Design: We used the data from a cohort study in Japan. The frequency of the intake of small fish was assessed using a validated FFQ. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to the frequency of the intake of small fish by sex were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard model with adjustments for covariates.Setting: The Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study.Participants: A total of 80 802 participants (34 555 males and 46 247 females), aged 35-69 years.Results: During a mean follow-up of 9<middle dot>0 years, we identified 2482 deaths including 1495 cancer-related deaths. The intake of small fish was statistically significantly and inversely associated with the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in females. The multivariable-adjusted HR (95 % CI) in females for all-cause mortality according to the intake were 0<middle dot>68 (0<middle dot>55, 0<middle dot>85) for intakes 1-3 times/month, 0<middle dot>72 (0<middle dot>57, 0<middle dot>90) for 1-2 times/week and 0<middle dot>69 (0<middle dot>54, 0<middle dot>88) for >= 3 times/week, compared with the rare intake. The corresponding HR (95 % CI) in females for cancer mortality were 0<middle dot>72 (0<middle dot>54, 0<middle dot>96), 0<middle dot>71 (0<middle dot>53, 0<middle dot>96) and 0<middle dot>64 (0<middle dot>46, 0<middle dot>89), respectively. No statistically significant association was observed in males.Conclusions: Intake of small fish may reduce the risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in Japanese females.