Deep learning in the diagnosis for cystic lesions of the jaws: a review of recent progress

Cystic lesions of the gnathic bones present challenges in differential diagnosis. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) represented by deep learning (DL) has rapidly developed and emerged in the field of dental and maxillofacial radiology (DMFR). Dental radiography provides a rich resource for the study of diagnostic analysis methods for cystic lesions of the jaws and has attracted many researchers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of DL for cystic lesions of the jaws. Online searches were done on Google Scholar, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore databases, up to September 2023, with subsequent manual screening for confirmation. The initial search yielded 1862 titles, and 44 studies were ultimately included. All studies used DL methods or tools for the identification of a variable number of maxillofacial cysts. The performance of algorithms with different models varies. Although most of the reviewed studies demonstrated that DL methods have better discriminative performance than clinicians, further development is still needed before routine clinical implementation due to several challenges and limitations such as lack of model interpretability, multicentre data validation, etc. Considering the current limitations and challenges, future studies for the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the jaws should follow actual clinical diagnostic scenarios to coordinate study design and enhance the impact of AI in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases.