The exocyst subunit EXOC2 regulates the toxicity of expanded GGGGCC repeats in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD

GGGGCC (G 4 C 2 ) repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). How this genetic mutation leads to neurodegeneration remains largely unknown. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we deleted EXOC2 , which encodes an essential exocyst subunit, in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from C9ORF72 - ALS/FTD patients. These cells are viable owing to the presence of truncated EXOC2, suggesting that exocyst function is partially maintained. Several disease -relevant cellular phenotypes in C9ORF72 iPSC-derived motor neurons are rescued due to, surprisingly, the decreased levels of dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins and expanded G 4 C 2 repeats -containing RNA. The treatment of fully differentiated C9ORF72 neurons with EXOC2 antisense oligonucleotides also decreases expanded G 4 C 2 repeats -containing RNA and partially rescued disease phenotypes. These results indicate that EXOC2 directly or indirectly regulates the level of G 4 C 2 repeats -containing RNA, making it a potential therapeutic target in C9ORF72 -ALS/FTD.