Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Postoperative Pain in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review

Objectives: To search for studies that address the efficacy of nonpharmacologic methods for pain relief in adults undergoing cardiac surgeries. Design: A systematic review registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD4202016 86 81. Data Source: PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, the Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Review/Analysis methods: The review used a PRISMA guideline that selected primary randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of nonpharmacologic pain relief therapies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with no time or language restrictions. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Clinical Trials was used to assess methodological rigor. Results: After screening, 23 of the 140 studies found in the databases were selected. The studies examined the efficacy of 13 different nonpharmacologic therapies, as well as a combination of therapies, with massage therapy being the most commonly examined, followed by musical intervention and hypnosis. Conclusions: Some interventions, when combined with pharmacologic therapy, were effective in relieving postoperative pain after cardiac surgeries, according to the studies analyzed. However, most studies had significant methodological flaws, and further studies with high methodological quality are needed. (c) 2024 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.