Evaluating the Clinico-Pathological Relationship Between Stromal Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Androgen Receptor Expression Across Molecular Subtypes of Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Breast cancer remains a significant cause of mortality globally, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is widely employed to minimize tumor burden and prevent local spread, with treatment efficacy varying based on molecular subtypes. Despite advancements, resistance to conventional therapies persists, prompting the exploration of alternative approaches, including immune cell therapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as immunological biomarkers in breast cancer, exhibiting associations with molecular subtypes and treatment response. This retrospective study assessed the clinico-pathological relationship between stromal TILs and AR expression across molecular subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma in an Indian cohort. Thirty-seven patients receiving NAC followed by modified radical mastectomy were analyzed for TILs and molecular subtyping. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine hormone receptor status and AR expression. A higher AR positivity was observed in hormone receptor-positive/Her2neu-negative and hormone receptor-positive/Her2neu-positive tumors compared to triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Significant associations were observed between AR expression and tumor grade, but not with age or Her2neu status. Although no significant correlation was found between AR and complete response to NAC, a weak negative correlation between AR and TILs was noted. Notably, TNBCs with negative AR and Ki67 index exhibited poorer responses to NAC, emphasizing the need for adjuvant therapy. These findings underscore the complex interplay between AR, TILs, and treatment response in breast cancer, highlighting the potential of personalized therapeutic approaches. Further research is warranted to elucidate the prognostic significance of AR and its implications for tailored treatment strategies in breast cancer management.