LFC performance advancement of two-area RES penetrated multi-source power system utilizing CES and a new CFOTID controller

This study addresses the challenges of load fluctuations and the assimilation of renewable energy sources (RES) causing undesirable frequency deviations. To avoid widespread deviations in frequency, an intelligent, competent and robust load frequency control (LFC) scheme and energy storage system are obligatory for disturbance rejection in RES penetrated realistic interconnected multi-source power system (IMSPS). Hence, a new cascade fractional order tilt integral derivative (CFOTID) controller is suggested with capacitive energy storage (CES) for a pragmatic RES based thermal-hydro-gas IMSPS having governor dead-band and generation rate constraint nonlinearities. The salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is utilized successfully for fine-tuning of the controller parameters. Scrutiny of the outcome results reveals the sovereignty of the CFOTID controller over several existing well proven controllers and SSA-based FOTID. It is observed that power generation due to CES further advance the system results in terms of minimized overshoot, undershoot, and settling time. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to confirm the robustness of the controller.