Contribution of optical resolution to the spatial precision of two-photon optogenetic photostimulation in vivo

Significance: Two-photon optogenetics combines nonlinear excitation with non-invasive activation of neurons to enable the manipulation of neural circuits with a high degree of spatial precision. Combined with two-photon population calcium imaging, these approaches comprise a flexible platform for all-optical interrogation of neural circuits. However, a multitude of optical and biological factors dictate the exact precision of this approach in vivo, where it is most usefully applied. Aim: We aimed to assess how the optical point spread function (OPSF) contributes to the spatial precision of two-photon photostimulation in neurobiology. Approach: We altered the axial spread of the OPSF of the photostimulation beam using a spatial light modulator. Subsequently, calcium imaging was used to monitor the axial spatial precision of two-photon photostimulation of layer 2 neurons in the mouse neocortex. Results: We found that optical resolution is not always the limiting factor of the spatial precision of two-photon optogenetic photostimulation and, by doing so, reveal the key factors that must be improved to achieve maximal precision. Conclusions: Our results enable future work to focus on the optimal factors by providing key insight from controlled experiments in a manner not previously reported. This research can be applied to advance the state-of-the-art of all-optical interrogation, extending the toolkit for neuroscience research to achieve spatiotemporal precision at the crucial levels in which neural circuits operate. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.