Coordinated d-p hybridized hcp@fcc NiRu alloy doped by interstitial atoms for boosting urea-assisted simulated seawater electrolysis at industrial current densities

The production of hydrogen through seawater electrolysis has recently garnered increasing concern. However, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by alkaline seawater electrocatalysis is severely impeded by the slow H 2 O adsorption and H* binding kinetics at industrial current densities. Herein, a face-centered cubic/hexagonal close packed (fcc/hcp) NiRu alloy heterojunction was fabricated on Ni foam (N doped NiRu-inf/NF) by a lowtemperature nitrogen plasma activation. Simultaneously, nitrogen atoms are introduced into the alloy to facilitate d -p hybridization. When N doped NiRu-inf/NF is integrated into a dual-electrode cell for urea-assisted seawater electrolysis, it achieves 100 mA cm -2 with an ultra-low voltage of 1.36 V and excellent stability. Density functional theory (DFT) verifies that the robust d -p hybridization among Ni, Ru and N exhibits more energy level matching for H 2 O molecule adsorption at the Ru sites, while simultaneously reducing the interaction between H* and Ni sites in N -doped NiRu-inf.