Grass cover and shallow tillage inter-row soil cultivation affecting CO 2 and N 2 O emissions in a sloping vineyard in upland Balaton, Hungary

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can accelerate the current climate change trend, resulting in higher soil temperatures and changes in soil water contents. The aim of the study was to investigate to what extent different cultivation methods and sampling positions on the slope (location along the slope) are affecting soil GHG emissions in vineyards. In the study, different inter -row soil cultivation methods were investigated including shallow soil tillage (ST) and grass cover (GC) inter -rows. Intact soil columns were collected and different soil water contents were applied under a laboratory environment to simulate different precipitation conditions. Our findings showed significant differences in the emitted CO 2 and N 2 O between the cultivation methods, where the GC soil had 2.9 times higher average CO 2 and 6.1 times higher N 2 O emissions compared to the bare, ST soil. The amount of initial and longer term soil water content significantly influenced soil -derived GHG emissions, with the highest averaged values observed for the continuously high water content soil samples (0.377 mgCO 2 m - 2 s -1 and 0.076 mu gN 2 O m - 2 s - 1 ). For the GC inter -rows, we also observed significant differences in the GHG emissions among the different sampling positions of the investigated slopes. We found that besides the different soil water contents, the main causes for these differences could be the variances in the soil physical and chemical properties. The findings of this study can be used to better estimate soil GHG emissions at various water contents, for different inter -row soil management cultivation methods, and potentially mitigate some adverse effects of global warming by reducing the amount of GHG released into the atmosphere.