Peripheral nerve injuries associated with dislocated supracondylar fractures of distal humerus in children: incidence and need of surgical treatment

Purpose The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, necessity for neurosurgical intervention, and overall results of the treatment of pediatric peripheral nerve injuries associated with dislocated supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus. Method A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with supracondylar fractures treated from April 2019 to April 2022 with a minimum follow-up of 3 months was conducted. Results Of 453 included patients, there were 51 recorded peripheral nerve injuries. The ulnar nerve was the most frequently injured nerve. Nine patients required neurosurgical intervention, with the most common procedure being the release of entrapped nerves. The combination of a supracondylar fracture and arterial injury was identified as a significant risk factor for peripheral nerve injury (p < 0.001). Only one patient experienced an unsatisfactory outcome. Conclusion Although the prognosis for peripheral nerve injuries in children with supracondylar fractures is generally favorable, these injuries must be properly identified. We recommend an active neurosurgical approach in children with persisting neurological deficits to minimize the risk of permanent neurological impairment.