Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications and remain the cornerstone of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy. However, ongoing exposure to GCs has the potential to elicit multiple adverse effects. Considering the irreplaceability of GCs in SLE therapy, it is important to explore the optimal regimen of GCs. Here, we compared the long-term efficacy and safety of pulsed and oral GC therapy in a lupus-prone mouse model. Mice were grouped using a randomized block design. We monitored survival rates, proteinuria, serum autoantibodies, and complement 3 (C3) levels up to 28 weeks of age, and assessed renal damage, bone quality, lipid deposition in the liver and marrow, glucose metabolic parameters, and levels of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Finally, we explored the mechanisms underlying the superior efficacy of the pulse regimen over oral prednisone regimen. We found that both GC regimens alleviated the poor survival rate, proteinuria, and glomerulonephritis, while also reducing serum autoantibodies and increasing the level of C3. The pulsed GC regimen showed less resistance to insulin, less suppression of the HPA axis, less bone loss, and less bone marrow fat deposition than the oral GC regimen. Additionally, GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) was significantly overexpressed in the GC pulse group. These results suggest that the GC pulse regimen ameliorated symptoms in lupus-prone mice, with fewer side effects, which may be related to GILZ overexpression. Our findings offer a potentially promising GC treatment option for SLE.
