The prison-based Therapeutic Community: Resident recommendations for program improvement

Introduction: The prison -based Therapeutic Community (TC) is widely used within correctional institutions to address substance use disorders (SUDs). While most evaluations of the prison -based TC find the program to be effective, recent mixed evidence and the continued surge of the opioid crisis call for deeper investigation into program operations, barriers to engagement, and sources of treatment effect heterogeneity. Notably lacking from prior evaluations, and critical to our understanding of variable program engagement, is first-hand experiences and perceptions from program participants. Methods: To assess prison -based TC resident perceptions of the program and their recommendations for improvement, we utilize data from the Therapeutic Community Prison Inmate Network Study (TC-PINS), a longitudinal data collection effort conducted in one prison -based TC unit within a Pennsylvania state prison. Specifically, we assess resident responses to the open-ended item "What can the TC do better? " Analyzing 470 responses to this question by 177 residents, two independent coders identified seven substantive categories of recommended changes or improvements to their TC program. Results: Residents provided tangible recommendations for improvement of their prison -based TC program based on their experiences and perceptions. Importantly, a number of their recommendations directly counter the intended model of the TC, which highlights imperative issues underlying the translation of the TC model within the prison environment. Resident suggestions include enhanced structure, increased individualization, expanded curriculum, stricter enforcement of rules, and improved or more experienced staff. Additionally, many question the coercive nature of TC program participation within this prison system. Conclusions: Resident recommendations for program improvement unveil important sources of treatment effect heterogeneity and highlight tangible program changes that can be implemented to reduce barriers to treatment engagement. We provide suggested changes to this prison -based TC based on resident perceptions and discuss both the importance and relative ease of eliciting this critical participant feedback.