Utilization of home- and community-based services among older adults worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To identify and categorize home- and community-based services used by older adults and the distribution of their utilization, and to examine their utilization patterns in terms of region, time trends, and older adults' characteristics. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of six databases for studies published up to January 12, 2023, and performed meta-analyses and subgroup analyses to identify the utilization of home- and community-based services and analyze utilization patterns concerning region, time trends, and individual characteristics. Results: We included 42 studies from 10 countries worldwide, involving a total of 2,942,069 older adults. Homeand community-based services were grouped into three categories: health services, social services, and family caregiver services. Regional differences were consistently evident across all three categories of services, re flecting diverse patterns of home- and community-based service adoption worldwide. Notably, there was a signi ficant increase in the utilization of social services, as distinct from health services and family caregiver services, during the post -2010 period (2010 -2018) in comparison with the pre-2010 period (before 2010). In addition, age and cognitive function also played an important role in the utilization of home- and community-based services. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of tailoring home- and community-based services to speci fic populations and understanding the needs of older adults over time. Further research should be undertaken to gain a deeper understanding of the reasons behind these variations and differences and to provide more targeted and effective services to older adults worldwide. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.