DSO Market for Transactive Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Constrained Hierarchical Power Distribution and Urban Transportation Networks

The trend toward the deployment of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) equipped with on-site distributed energy resources indicates potential transactive energy market (TEM) operations among EVCSs. However, unlike regular prosumers, EVCS operations are influenced by both the power distribution network (PDN) and the urban transportation network (UTN). In this article, we propose a three-stage approach for solving the hierarchical energy scheduling and trading problem of EVCSs. At the first stage, the day-ahead traffic assignment problem (TAP) of the transportation system is solved to determine individual EVCSs' charging load. At the second stage, EVCSs solve their profit maximization problem to determine their energy scheduling and market participation decisions. Finally, at the third stage, TEM among EVCSs is cleared by the distribution system operator (DSO). With the DSO shouldering both grid operator and market operator functions, the DSO problem is formulated as an unbalanced three-phase optimal power flow (OPF) model integrating a double-sided auction mechanism. To further improve the PDN operation, grid features, such as network reconfiguration and tap changers, are introduced into the OPF model. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is proved through case studies.