Geographic atrophy: current and future therapeutic agents and practical considerations for retinal specialists

Purpose of reviewGeographic atrophy (GA) from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of vision loss. The purpose of this review is to summarize currently available intravitreal therapeutics, and discuss pipeline therapeutics that are currently in clinical trials.Recent findingsThe FDA approval of pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol, both approved in 2023, represent the first therapeutics to treat GA. These are delivered via intravitreal injections, and have been shown to slow progression of GA. Both drugs have a risk of new onset neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Initial indications seem to be that pegcetacoplan therapy has higher risks of inflammation, vasculitis, and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) as compared to avacincaptad pegol, but more real-world data will help to clarify this further. Pipeline therapeutics that we discuss include intravitreal gene therapy, oral anticomplement therapy, and intravitreal injections of a novel glycoprotein.SummaryBoth pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol are FDA approved to treat GA. The decision to treat patients is still complex and nuanced, but the approval of two treatments for GA is a tremendous advance in our field. Future therapeutics may further refine our ability to treat patients more effectively and safely.