Flow resistance of emergent rigid vegetation in steady flow

Enhanced understanding of flow resistance in open channels with emergent vegetation is essential for flood management and river ecosystem restoration. The presence of vegetation can significantly alter bed resistance, leading to a challenge in accurately predicting flow discharge, water levels, sediment transport, and bed deformation. Previous studies on vegetated flows have focused on vegetation resistance, on which the impact of vegetation has been ignored or poorly estimated. This study proposes a new analytical model, built upon the momentum conservation law, to predict flow resistance to vegetated zones in a plain bed without bed forms, explicitly quantifying bed resistance and vegetation resistance in a corollary manner. The proposed model is benchmarked against five typical sets of laboratory experiments. It is demonstrated that the present model using a modified logarithmic velocity distribution performs best, whereas that assuming a uniform velocity profile considerably overestimates the vegetation resistance and neglects the effect of vegetation on bed resistance. The ratio of bed resistance to the total resistance is shown to range between 5% and 40%, and it decreases with increasing vegetation density and decreases with water depth. Therefore, bed resistance cannot be ignored when modelling shallow water flow with sparsely distributed vegetation. It is also revealed that vegetation arrangements significantly affect flow resistance, and therefore a model incorporating the effect of vegetation arrangement performs better. Overall, the present model facilitates a viable and promising tool for quantifying flow resistance in emergent vegetated channels.