Adnexal torsion: A comprehensive review of types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management strategies during pregnancy

Adnexal torsion is a gynecological surgical emergency which during pregnancy can be associated with high patient morbidity and fetal mortality if not managed promptly. Fertility preservation is an essential concern. The underlying pathophysiology involves ovarian tissue torsion on its pedicle, leading to decreased venous return, stromal edema, internal hemorrhage, and infarction. It can affect females of all age groups, and they present mainly with an acute onset of pelvic pain, followed by nausea and vomiting. Multiple risks can lead to adnexal torsion, including ovulation induction, use of in vitro fertilization, and the presence of an ovarian mass. Early diagnosis is challenging and mainly depends on clinical suspicion, ultrasound, or MRI findings; however, it is necessary to preserve the function of the ovaries and fallopian tubes and prevent the occurrence of infertility. Once adnexal torsion is suspected, surgery or detorsion is the main line of treatment. This review will summarize the most relevant studies on risk factors, radiological findings, and managing maternal adnexal torsion in pregnancy.