Optimization use of watermelon rind in the coagulation-flocculation process by Box Behnken design for copper, zinc, and turbidity removal

Watermelon rinds were investigated as a bio-coagulant for treating water contaminated by metals and turbidity, owing to their biodegradability and greater environmental friendliness compared to chemical coagulants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy paired with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction characterized the watermelon rinds before and after use. A Box-Behnken experimental design optimized the most influential parameters of initial pH, coagulant dose, and particle size based on response surface methodology. This analysis revealed the experimental data fit quadratic polynomial models, achieving maximum removal efficiencies of 97.51 % for zinc, 99.88 % for copper, and 99.21 % for turbidity under optimal conditions. Statistical analysis confirmed the models effectively captured the experimental data. Analysis of variance denoted the high significance of the quadratic effects of dose and pH. Removal of metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ was significantly impacted by these factors. The watermelon rind powder retained its coagulation efficiency after five cycles of reuse, with removal rates of 80.04 % for Zn, 88.33 % for Cu and 86.24 % for turbidity. These results demonstrate the potential of watermelon rind as an alternative coagulant for wastewater treatment. Further testing on real industrial effluents at larger scales would help assess their feasibility for real-world applications.