Complete Chloroplast Genome of Megacarpaea megalocarpa and Comparative Analysis with Related Species from Brassicaceae

Megacarpaea megalocarpa, a perennial herbaceous species belonging to the Brassicaceae family, has potential medicinal value. We isolated and characterized the chloroplast (cp) genome of M. megalocarpa and compared it with closely related species. The chloroplast genome displayed a typical quadripartite structure, spanning 154,877 bp, with an overall guanine-cytosine (GC) content of 36.20%. Additionally, this genome contained 129 genes, 105 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and 48 long repeat sequences. Significantly, the ycf1 gene exhibited a high degree of polymorphism at the small single copy (SSC) region and the inverted repeat a (IRa) boundary. Despite this polymorphism, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values were found to be similar across species, and no large segment rearrangements or inversions were detected. The large single copy (LSC) and SSC regions showed higher sequence variations and nucleotide polymorphisms compared to the IR region. Thirteen distinct hotspot regions were identified as potential molecular markers. Our selection pressure analysis revealed that the protein-coding gene rpl20 is subjected to different selection pressures in various species. Phylogenetic analysis positioned M. megalocarpa within the expanded lineage II of the Brassicaceae family. The estimated divergence time suggests that M. megalocarpa diverged approximately 4.97 million years ago. In summary, this study provides crucial baseline information for the molecular identification, phylogenetic relationships, conservation efforts, and utilization of wild resources in Megacarpaea.