Improving Hybrid Tin Halide Films by Tin Trifluoromethanesulfonate for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSCs) without toxic lead ions outperform other types of lead-free PSCs in terms of photovoltaic performance. To avoid the oxidation of Sn2+ cations and the formation of vacancy defects, most reports involve the addition of SnF2 to the perovskite precursor solution, but hybrid tin halide (Sn-PVK) films still suffer from poor crystallinity and stability. In this work, we used an alternative additive of tin trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sn(OTF)(2)). Compared to SnF2, the solubility of Sn(OTF)(2) in the precursor solution is greatly improved, and the crystal nucleation process is delayed, resulting in the enhancement of crystal growth. The coordination ability of the OTF- anions suppresses the oxidation of Sn2+ cations, which promotes the stability of Sn-PVK films. By replacing the conventional additive of SnF2 with Sn(OTF)(2), the device achieves an increase in power conversion efficiency from 7.96% to 10.3%, while the stability of the devices is improved simultaneously.