Comprehensive survey: Biometric user authentication application, evaluation, and discussion

In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the literature on biometric user authentication, encompassing an analysis of key aspects such as the selection of biometric traits for specific applications, the impact of performance factors including security, convenience, and robustness, along with the identification of potential countermeasures against cyber Attacks. Additionally, we investigate the factors that influence the accuracy of biometric systems and suggest possible enhancements. Our exploration covers both physiological and behavioral traits, assessing their benefits and limitations. We also examine the determinants of biometric system effectiveness, pinpointing areas for future improvement. Distinguishing itself from prior surveys, our study thoroughly investigates biometric traits across different application domains and scrutinizes strategies to combat cyber threats. The objective is to provide researchers and practitioners with a nuanced understanding of the current state of biometric authentication, offering insights that could steer the direction of forthcoming developments in the field.