Kim-1 targeted black phosphorus nanoplatforms: Antioxidation and efferocytosis recovery for acute kidney injury treatment

Efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, is an essential process for resolving inflammation. Current evidence suggests that in acute kidney injury (AKI), the inflammatory cascade triggered by oxidative stress in damaged tissues can impair efferocytosis. This disrupts the clearance of apoptotic cells, exacerbates inflammatory reactions, and ultimately leads to tissue damage. To address this challenge, we developed a novel renal dualtargeting nanoplatform for AKI treatment based on black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs). Surface modification with LTH and 4-Octyl itaconate (4OI) endowed BPNSs with both renal tubulars targeting specificity and sustained antioxidant properties. This nanoplatform could effectively target damaged renal tubular epithelial cells, scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), alleviate oxidative stress, enhance efferocytosis, inhibit inflammatory responses, and ultimately achieve the specific therapeutic goal of AKI.