Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from Cissus quadrangularis for sustainable biocomposite production

The exploration of nanocellulose extraction from agro-industrial waste holds significant promise owing to the abundant cellulose content present in the natural fibers. This study focuses on synthesizing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) via acid hydrolysis, specifically utilizing fibers sourced from Cissus quadrangularis fibers (CQFs). Initially, cellulose extraction involved a gradual lignin removal process to produce holocellulose. The investigation delves into the cellulose derived from CQFs and assesses the impact of sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the resulting cellulose and CNCs' structure, morphology, and characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of rod-shaped CNCs, with lengths ranging from 200 to 300 nm and diameters between 60 and 65 nm. The CNCs exhibited a crystallinity index (CI) of 82.39%, and their thermal characteristics were studied via differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CNCs produced through these techniques demonstrate promising potential for integration into nanocomposites as reinforcements.