Global Transcriptomic Profiling of Innate and Adaptive Immunity During Aspergillus flavus Endophthalmitis in a Murine Model

PURPOSE . Fungal endophthalmitis is characterized by chronic inflammation leading to the partial or complete vision loss. Herein, we analyzed the transcriptomic landscape of Aspergillus flavu s ( A. flavus ) endophthalmitis in C57BL/6 mice to understand the host-pathogen interactions. METHODS . Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of A. flavus spores in C57BL/6 mice and monitored for disease progression up to 72 hours. The enucleated eyeballs were subjected to histopathological analysis and mRNA sequencing using the Illumina Nextseq 2000. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed to further annotate the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and validation of cytokines was performed in vitreous of patients with fungal endophthalmitis using multiplex ELISA. RESULTS . Transcriptomic landscape of A. flavus endophthalmitis revealed upregulated T-cell receptor signaling, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, NF- kappa B, JAK -STAT, and NOD like receptor signaling pathways. We observed significant increase in the T-cells during infection especially at 72 hours infection along with elevated expression levels of IL -6, IL -10, IL -12, IL -18, IL -19, IL -23, CCR3, and CCR7. Furthermore, host -immune response associated genes, such as T-cell interacting activating receptor, TNF receptor-associated factor 1, TLR1, TLR9, and bradykinin receptor beta 1, were enriched. Histopathological assessment validated the significant increase in inflammatory cells, especially T-cells at 72 hours post-infection along with increased disruption in the retinal architecture. Additionally, IL -6, IL -8, IL -17, TNF- alpha , and IL-1 beta were also significantly elevated, whereas IL -10 was downregulated in vitreous of patients with Aspergillus endophthalmitis. CONCLUSIONS . Regulating T-cell influx could be a potential strategy to modulate the excessive inflammation in the retina and potentially aid in better vision recovery in fungal endophthalmitis.