Evaluating antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of glass ionomer cement modified by chitosan and hydroxyapatite

Objectives: This study aimed to assess antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and cytokine release (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha) from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) of chitosan (CH) and hydroxyapatite (HAp)-modified glass ionomer cements (GIC). Methods: GICs with varied CH and HAp concentrations (0 %, 0.16 %, 2 %, 5 %, 10 %) were tested against S. mutans for 24 h or 7 days. Antimicrobial activity was measured using an MTT test. Cytotoxicity evaluation followed for optimal concentrations, analyzing mitochondrial activity and apoptosis in hDPSCs. Cytokine release was assessed with MAGPIX. Antimicrobial analysis used Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunnett tests. Two-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Dunnett tests were applied for hDP metabolism and cytokine release. Results: CH 2 % and HAp 5 % significantly enhanced GIC antimicrobial activity, especially after seven days. In immediate analysis, all materials showed reduced mitochondrial activity compared to the control. After 24 h, CH demonstrated mitochondrial metabolism similar to the control. All groups exhibited mild cytotoxicity (similar to 30 % cell death). Only IL-6 was influenced, with reduced release in experimental groups. Significance: CH 2 % and HAp 5 % were most effective for antibacterial effects. GIC-CH 2 % emerged as the most promising formula, displaying significant antibacterial effects with reduced hDPSC toxicity.