The whale optimization algorithm and the evolution of cooperation in the spatial public goods game

The challenge of fostering cooperation in public goods games remains a prominent issue in various fields, ranging from economics to evolutionary biology. In this study, we propose a novel approach to address this challenge by integrating the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), a nature-inspired meta-heuristic, as a strategy update rule in the evolutionary public goods game (PGG). Through comprehensive simulation and analysis, our findings elucidate the efficacy of WOA in augmenting cooperation levels within PGG scenarios. Specifically, our results demonstrate a notable enhancement in the cooperative behaviors and contribution levels of players when WOA is employed. This research sheds light on the potential of leveraging bio-inspired algorithms to tackle complex social dilemmas and offers valuable insights for the design and optimization of cooperative strategies in diverse settings.