Behavior of surface loaded clay foundation reinforced by GESCs with lateral geosynthetic cushion under freeze-thaw cycles

The efficiency of geosynthetics has been proven in stone column -reinforced foundations. In this paper, loading tests were conducted on three stone column -reinforced foundations, experiencing four freeze -thaw cycles. The effects of geosynthetic encasement and lateral reinforcement were investigated on the behavior of ordinary stone column (OSC) - reinforced and geosynthetic encased stone column (GESC) - reinforced foundation. The results showed that particles of OSCs spread into foundation soil during freezing and thawing, and top of OSCs were replaced by foundation soil. The temperature gradient along the depth in OSC-reinforced foundation was smaller than in GESC-reinforced foundations, resulting in a lower negative pore pressure at the beginning of freezing. However, it was found that geosynthetic encasement helped maintain the integrity of GESCs, and increased the stress concentration ratio (SCR) during thawing, which led to a lower excess pore pressure in GESC-reinforced foundations. The lateral reinforcement was also found to not only reduce the differential settlement between GESCs and soil during thawing, but also restrain the frost heave during freezing. The tensile membrane effect of lateral reinforcement redistributed the stress and the overburden pressure throughout the freeze -thaw process. More water moved upwards during freezing in the OSC-reinforced foundation, leading to a larger amount of frost heave. However, the moisture migration became complex in the OSC-reinforced foundation, as OSCs were damaged by freeze -thaw cycles.