An overview of semiconductor electrode materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting and CO2 conversion

The use of photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices for water splitting and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) has gained substantial recognition in recent years for generating green hydrogen (H2) fuel as an energy source and converting CO2 into valuable products for numerous industrial applications. This review primarily highlights the available synthetic methods for the fabrication of various multifunctional semiconductor electrode materials and their photoelectrocatalytic properties, as well as applications to energy storage and CO2 conversion. Furthermore, it explores a broad range of electroanalytical techniques for the production of green fuels and valuable chemicals, offering a promising and environmentally friendly alternative. Moreover, it discusses a range of approaches to improve the light absorption capability of semiconductor electrode materials through various processes, including generating, separating, and transferring charges. A significant aspect of the review is that it emphasizes substantial advancements in photoelectrocatalytic systems concerning both water splitting and CO2 reduction during interfacial reactions. Finally, the review discusses future advancements in efficient watersplitting and CO2 conversion, addressing the challenges and extensive applications of these devices.