The six degrees of curriculum integration in medical education in the United States

Despite explicit expectations and accreditation requirements for integrated curriculum, there needs to be more clarity around an accepted common definition, best practices for implementation, and criteria for successful curriculum integration. To address the lack of consensus surrounding integration, we reviewed the literature and herein propose a definition for curriculum integration for the health professions education audience. We further believe that health professions education is ready to move beyond "horizontal" (one-dimensional) and "vertical" (two-dimensional) integration and propose a model of "six degrees of curriculum integration" to expand the twodimensional concept for future designs of health professions programs and best prepare learners to meet the needs of patients. These six degrees include: interdisciplinary, timing and sequencing, instruction and assessment, incorporation of basic and clinical sciences, knowledge and skills -based competency progression, and graduated responsibilities in patient care. We encourage medical educators to look beyond two-dimensional integration to best prepare physicians of the future.