Uncovering the differentiated impacts of carbon neutrality and clean air policies in multi-provinces of China

Ambitious action plans have been launched to address climate change and air pollution. Through coupling the IMED|CGE, GAINS, and IMED|HEL models, this study investigate the impacts of implementing carbon neutrality and clean air policies on the energy -environment -health -economy chain in the Beijing -TianjinHebei -Henan -Shandong -Shanxi region of China. Results show that Shandong holds the largest reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions toward the 1.5 degrees C target. Shandong, Henan, and Hebei are of particularly prominent pollutant reduction potential. Synergistic effects of carbon reduction on decreasing PM 2.5 concentration will increase in the future, specifically in energy -intensive regions. Codeployment of carbon reduction and end -of -pipe technologies are beneficial to decrease PM 2.5 -related mortalities and economic loss by 4.7-12.9% in 2050. Provincial carbon reduction cost will be higher than monetary health benefits after 2030, indicating that more zero -carbon technologies should be developed. Our findings provide scientific enlightenment on policymaking toward achieving carbon reduction and pollution mitigation from multiple perspectives.