Chronic Venous Disease: Pathophysiological Aspects, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis

Chronic venous disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in the general population and encompasses a range of pathological and hemodynamic changes in the veins of the lower extremities. These alterations give rise to a variety of symptoms, with more severe forms resulting in venous ulceration, which causes morbidity and high socioeconomic burden. The origins and underlying mechanisms of CVD are intricate and multifaceted, involving environmental factors, genetics, hormonal factors, and immunological factors that bring about structural and functional alterations in the venous system. This review offers the latest insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors of CVD, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge. Furthermore, the diagnostic approach for CVD is highlighted and current diagnostic tools are described.