Quantifying fire-induced changes in ground vegetation using bitemporal terrestrial laser scanning

Forest fires pose a significant threat to forest carbon storage and sinks, yet they also play a crucial role in the natural dynamics of boreal forests. Accurate quantification of biomass changes resulting from forest fires is essential for damage assessment and controlled burning evaluation. This study utilized terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to quantify changes in ground vegetation resulting from low -intensity surface fires. TLS data were collected before and after controlled burnings at eight one -hectare test sites in Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) dominated boreal forests in Finland. A surface differencing-based method was developed to identify areas exposed to fire. Validation, based on visual interpretation of 1 x 1 m surface patches (n = 320), showed a recall, precision, and F1 -score of 0.9 for the accuracy of identifying burned surfaces. The developed method allowed the assessment of the magnitude of fire -induced vegetation changes within the test sites. The proportions of burned 1 x 1 m areas within the test sites varied between 51-96%. Total volumetric change in ground vegetation was on average -1200 m 3 ha -1 , with burning reducing the vegetation volume by 1700 m 3 ha -1 and vegetation growth increasing it by 500 m 3 ha -1 . Substantial variations in the volumetric changes within and between the test sites were detected, highlighting the complex dynamics of surface fires, and emphasizing the importance of having observations from multiple sites. This study demonstrates that bitemporal TLS measurements provide a robust means for characterizing fire -induced changes, facilitating the assessment of the impact of surface fires on forest ecosystems.