Ex vivo sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies and anti-CD4 antibody UB-421 of infectious viral isolates from people living with multidrug-resistant HIV

Background People living with HIV (PLWH) with multidrug-resistant (MDR) viruses have limited therapeutic options and present challenges regarding clinical management. Recent studies have shown that passive transfer of combination broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV and anti-domain 1 CD4 antibody UB-421 can sustain virologic suppression in PLWH in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Yet studies addressing the therapeutic potential of these antibodies and/or detailed characterization of immunologic and virologic parameters in PLWH with MDR HIV are lacking. Methods We examined levels of immune activation and exhaustion markers on CD8 + T cells and the intact HIV proviral DNA burden in 11 PLWH with MDR viruses. For comparison purposes, we included a control group consisting of 27 ART-na & iuml;ve viremic PLWH. In addition, we determined the sensitivity of infectious viral isolates obtained from the participants against eight bNAbs (3BNC117, 10-1074, VRC01, VRC07, N6, 10E8, PGDM1400, and PGT121) and two anti-CD4 antibodies (ibalizumab and UB-421) using a TZM-bl-based neutralization/suppression assay. Findings The level of intact HIV proviral DNA was comparable between the two groups ( P = 0.29). The levels of activation and exhaustion markers PD -1 ( P = 0.0019), TIGIT ( P = 0.0222), 2B4 ( P = 0.0015), CD160 ( P = 0.0015), and CD38 + /HLA-DR + ( P = 0.0138) were signi fi cantly lower in the MDR group. The infectious viral isolates from each study participant with MDR HIV were resistant to at least 2 bNAbs; however, they were sensitive to at least one of the CD4-binding and non-CD4-binding site antibodies. The majority of participants had ibalizumab-sensitive viruses although the isolates from some participants showed reduced sensitivity to ibalizumab. Notably, none of the 93 viral isolates obtained from the participants were resistant to UB-421. Interpretation Our data suggest that combination therapy with HIV-speci fi c bNAbs and/or UB-421 in the presence of optimized background therapy could potentially provide sustained virologic suppression in PLWH with MDR HIV. However, this therapeutic strategy needs to be evaluated in human clinical trials. Funding Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. Copyright Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).