Production of Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in a Coupled Aquaponic System under Suboptimal Water Temperatures

The combined production of three varieties of lettuce (romaine, iceberg, and red leaf) with flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) was tested in triplicate in three independent coupled aquaponic units with no thermal control. For this purpose, a total of 114 fish (2.5 kg/m(3)) were stocked in each fish tank (2 m(3)), and 92 lettuces were planted in the hydroponic unit (6 m(2)). As no thermal control was included in the design of the aquaponic system, water temperatures declined from maximum values of 20.4 degrees C to minimum values of 5.0 degrees C, which directly affected fish growth. However, the conditions imposed by the aquaponic system were suitable for promoting lettuce's growth and external appearance, as no pests or leaf discoloration were noticed. Lettuce survival was similar among the three tested varieties (98.5 +/- 1.7%). The yields for the romaine and iceberg varieties were 384 +/- 100 g/lettuce and 316 +/- 70 g/lettuce, respectively, and that for the red leaf variety was lower, at 176 +/- 75 g/lettuce. Yield values ranged between 3.6 and 4.4 kg/m(2) depending on the replicate considered (4.0 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2)). According to present results, each aquaponic unit required ca. 2.6-2.7 L of water per unit of lettuce produced.