Cumulative assessment of Diplectanum spp . occurrence, prevalence, and pathological impact in Dicentrarchus labrax from varied Egyptian fish farms

Monogenean trematodes, particularly those belonging to the Diplectanidae family, are significant metazoan parasites with substantial implications for aquaculture expansion. This study, investigatied the occurrence, prevalence, and pathological impact of Diplectanum spp. in European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) across three distinct Egyptian fish farms. During 2021 -2022, we sampled 1800 European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) from three Egyptian fish farms (600 fish per farm). Farms 1 and 2 used semi -intensive earthen pond systems, while Farm 3 utilized an intensive floating cage system. Employing Clinical, post-mortem, parasitological, and molecular examination technique. Pathological lesions were identified, including skin and gill discoloration, emaciation, and internal organ abnormalities. Seasonal prevalence exhibited significant variations between farms, with highest rates observed in spring and Farm 3 reached an overall peak prevalence of 84.67 %. Parasitological examination distinguished two Diplectanum species morphologically, while molecular techniques exhibited limited specificity. Histopathology unveiled damage to gill, liver, spleen, kidney, and intestine, attributed to Diplectanum haptors including inflammation and internal bleeding, potentially leading to secondary infections. Molecular identification via PCR targeting ITS and 28SrDNA genes, revealing similar band sizes for the two Diplectanum species, indicating limited intraspecific genetic diversity. The study emphasizes investigating parasitic infections ' prevalence and impact in aquaculture, necessitating robust molecular techniques for species differentiation. This study underscores the importance of investigating the prevalence and impact of parasitic infections in aquaculture. It highlights the need for robust molecular techniques to differentiate species. By focusing on Diplectanum spp. infections in D. labrax, the study offers valuable insights into managing parasites in aquaculture effectively.