The human touch: a meta-analysis of anthropogenic effects on plant-pollinator interaction networks

Background: Anthropogenic activities signi fi cantly impact natural ecosystems, leading to alterations in plant and pollinator diversity and abundance. These changes often result in shifts within interacting communities, potentially reshaping the structure of plant -pollinator interaction networks. Given the escalating human footprint on habitats, evaluating the response of these networks to anthropization is critical for devising effective conservation and management strategies. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the plant -pollinator network literature to assess the impact of anthropization on network structure. We assessed network metrics such as nestedness measure based on overlap and decreasing fi lls (NODF), network specialization (H 2 ' ), connectance (C), and modularity (Q) to understand structural changes. Employing a meta -analytical approach, we examined how anthropization activities, such as deforestation, urbanization, habitat fragmentation, agriculture, intentional fi res and livestock farming, affect both plant and pollinator richness. Results: We generated a dataset for various metrics of network structure and 36 effect sizes for the meta -analysis, from 38 articles published between 2010 and 2023. Studies assessing the impact of agriculture and fragmentation were well -represented, comprising 68.4% of all studies, with networks involving interacting insects being the most studied taxa. Agriculture and fragmentation reduce nestedness and increase specialization in plant -pollinator networks, while modularity and connectance are mostly not affected. Although our meta -analysis suggests that anthropization decreases richness for both plants and pollinators, there was substantial heterogeneity in this regard among the evaluated studies. The meta -regression analyses helped us determine that the habitat fragment size where the studies were conducted was the primary variable contributing to such heterogeneity. Conclusions: The analysis of human impacts on plant -pollinator networks showed varied effects worldwide. Responses differed among network metrics, signaling nuanced impacts on structure. Activities like agriculture and fragmentation signi fi cantly changed ecosystems, reducing species richness in both pollinators and plants, highlighting network vulnerability. Regional differences stressed the need for tailored conservation. Despite insights, more research is crucial for a complete understanding of these ecological relationships.