An overview of technologies for capturing, storing, and utilizing carbon dioxide: Technology readiness, large-scale demonstration, and cost

Concerns are growing regarding the impact of human-caused CO2 emissions on global warming, which is directly linked to climate change. To achieve carbon neutrality, we must prioritize the development of technologies that capture, store, and use CO2. This review provides an updated overview of the technologies for carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCUS). It focuses on technology readiness, cost analysis, and large-scale facility demonstrations. A deep insight has been conducted into the state-of-the-art of pre-, oxy-fuel, post-, and chemical looping combustion technologies. Geological storage and dynamic models as well as seepage investigations for storing captured carbon are detailed. Furthermore, we explained how waste CO2 can be utilized in industrial processes and discussed the current development stages of these technologies. We also analyzed the stages of various carbon capture technologies based on their technology readiness levels. While reutilizing emitted CO2 can contribute to a circular economy, some technologies may not be economically profitable. The potential challenges and obstacles associated with implementing CCUS facilities on a larger scale are addressed. The review confirms that the cost of CO2 utilization is higher than the capture cost. For the first time, we elucidated the environmental impact of CCUS, and the risks and safety associated with the transportation and storage of CO2. Machine learning algorithms are crucial in CCUS research, but they require appropriate selection and combination for optimal results. This review is a valuable reference point for recent advances in carbon capture and will help understand the CCUS process and future needs.