The metabolic effect of medicinal plants and synthetic anti-obesity products on human health

A significant public health issue is the widespread prevalence of overweight and obesity across all age groups. This common nutritional disorder affects more than general appearance. Obesity is now recognized as a medical condition that necessitates treatment to lower the risk of diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Obesity is a prevalent global health problem that re- requires urgent research and regulatory compliance. While synthetic anti- obesity drugs are available, they pose significant risks of adverse effects and variable outcomes. These drugs, which include single medications such as orlistat, liraglutide, and Lorcaserin, and combination therapies like naltrexone/bupropion and Phentermine/topiramate are effective in reducing body fat. However, patients often report side effects ranging from mild symptoms like nausea, insomnia, and dizziness to severe complications such as an increased risk of CVD or stroke. Conversely, there is a growing interest in using anti-obesity natural compounds, including single agents such as various types of tea, cinnamon, etc. This review highlights the various mechanisms of anti-obesity action of natural plants and synthetic medications, including metabolism and energy expenditure, appetite suppression, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, pancreatic lipase inhibition, amylase inhibition, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of adipogenesis and thermogenic stimulation. It provides insights into the metabolic effects of both medicinal plants and pharmaceutical drugs on human health, examining their effectiveness and the prevention benefits of each type. Medicinal plants are considered the best alternative for margining obesity due to their cost-effectiveness and minimal adverse effects. While diet modification and increased physical activity through regular exercise are often recommended to prevent obesity, these measures can be challenging for many people. In contrast, the administration of medicinal plants are relatively convenient, making them an accurate and ideal alternative.