High-precision BaTiO 3 piezoelectric ceramics via vat photopolymerization 3D printing

BaTiO 3 ceramics with high precision and superior performance are fabricated by vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology. The curing behaviors and photosensitive mechanisms are systematically investigated. Through the optimization of printing parameters, BaTiO 3 ceramics with a high relative density of 95 % and few defects are obtained. Notably, the sintered BaTiO 3 ceramics exhibit impressive properties, including a high piezoelectric coefficient d 33 of 201 pC/N and strong ferroelectric characteristics with a maximum polarization P max of 31.4 mu C/cm 2 and residual polarization P r of 18.5 mu C/cm 2 . More importantly, a series of complex BaTiO 3 structures including the body-centered cubic lattice and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures are created perfectly with the feature size as fine as 75 mu m. Compared with other reported BaTiO 3 structures printed by vat photopolymerization and material extrusion technologies, this work realizes a much higher printing resolution. The excellent performance and high precision of these BaTiO 3 ceramics make them great potential for practical applications in piezoelectric components.