Enhancing the Thermal Mineralization of Perfluorooctanesulfonate on Granular Activated Carbon Using Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metal Additives

This study conducts a systematic investigation of the creation and optimization of a rutin-loaded transethosome intended for topical use. The formulation's characteristics were thoroughly assessed for vesicle size (160.45 +/- 1.98 nm), polydispersity index (0.235 +/- 0.067), and zeta potential (-22.89 mV), with an entrapment efficiency and drug loading of 89.99 +/- 1.55% and 8.9 +/- 2.11%, respectively, and found to have a spherical shape by the use of transmission electron microscopy. The conversion to a gel suitable for application on the skin was carried out. The drug release form Opt-RUT-TE formulation (73.61 +/- 2.55%) was significantly higher than that of release form RUT-suspension (34.52 +/- 1.19%). The drug that permeated the skin from Opt-RUT-TEG (935.25 +/- 10.49 mu g/cm(2)) was significantly higher than the permeability from RUT-Suspension gel (522.57 +/- 6.79 mu g/cm(2)). Notably, tape stripping analysis revealed that the Opt-RUT-TE gel effectively penetrated the skin layers, with a higher concentration observed in the epidermis-dermis than in the RUT-suspension gel. The transethosomal gel exhibited favorable characteristics, highlighting its capacity to efficiently permeate the skin and suppress the growth of microorganisms, and Opt-RUT-TEG showed a higher microorganism inhibition zone (Gram-positive bacteria) than that of RUT-suspension gel. The investigation highlights the significant therapeutic possibilities of rutin in a transethosomal gel formulation for treating dermatological diseases by improving skin permeability and exhibiting antibacterial effects.