Exploring the integration of nanotechnology in the development and application of biosensors for enhanced detection and monitoring of colorectal cancer

As the third most severe cancer in the world, colorectal cancer (CRC) is of high concern to global health concerns. Aging, unhealthy lifestyles, and genetic factors contribute to CRC development. Early detection and intervention are crucial due to early-stage symptoms' subtle or absent nature. The interplay of genetic and environmental factors has identified potential CRC biomarkers for early detection and prognosis. Nanotechnology offers promising opportunities in CRC screening, detection, and treatment. A targeted nanoparticle enhances the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment effectiveness for CRC. PET, MRI, and fluorescence imaging are nanoparticlebased imaging techniques that have revolutionized cancer detection. Additionally, nanoparticles are used in biosensors, highly sensitive devices, to detect CRC-associated biomarkers, allowing for an early diagnosis. Nanoparticles have made significant contributions to cancer care due to these advancements. Drug delivery systems utilize nanoparticles to deliver anticancer drugs directly to CRC cells, improving drug efficacy and stability. This review examines CRC, covering clinical stages, pathogenic mechanisms, and potential biomarkers. Some CRC biomarkers include mutations in genes (KRAS, BRAF, TP53, APC, NRAS), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), DNA mismatch repair, CA19-9, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), microsatellite instability status, MicroRNAs (miRNAs), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), CpG island methylation, and Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). These biomarkers play a role in diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment strategies for CRC. The review emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis for successful treatment and improved patient outcomes. It explores recent advancements in utilizing nanotechnology for CRC diagnosis and therapy. Integrating nanomedicine and personalized treatments in CRC management shows promise for enhancing patient care and prognosis. Investing in nanomaterials and nanotechnology will likely increase our ability to develop more effective treatment, prevention, and diagnosis strategies to combat CRC, ultimately reducing its impact.