Femoral Lengthening in Children with Congenital Femoral Deficiency A Systematic Review

Background: Congenital femoral deficiency (CFD) presents a significant challenge in pediatric orthopaedics, characterized by a spectrum of congenital anomalies ranging from mild femoral shortening to complete absence of the proximal femur and hip joint. This review aims at reviewing the latest concepts of femoral limb lengthening modalities in treating CFD, to explore the efficacy, complications, and long-term outcomes of various surgical techniques. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was performed for clinical studies involving lengthening in patients with proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) in several databases. Results: We analyze the evolution of limb lengthening procedures, from the Wagner and Ilizarov methods to the latest advancements in distraction osteogenesis, and assess their role in addressing the functional needs of patients. We also analyze the possible risk factors for the occurrence of complications with each method and alternatives to avoid them. Conclusion: The review highlights the importance of individualized treatment plans, considering factors such as the degree of femoral deficiency and the potential for achieving a functional limb length; however, it requires a multidisciplinary approach and careful preoperative planning to optimize patient outcomes. The review underlines the need for ongoing research to refine surgical techniques and to compare them and improve the quality of life for individuals with PFFD.