Comparative analysis of equivalent circuit battery models for electric vehicle battery management systems

Lithium -ion batteries need to be controlled by a Battery Management System (BMS) to operate safely and efficiently. BMS controls parameters, such as current, voltage, temperature, state of charge (SoC),state of health (SoH), state of power (SoP) and etc. The battery models and several prediction algorithms that the BMS uses to carry out these checks are essential to the system's performance. Therefore, the battery model is crucial to the BMS. This model is used to optimize the performance, capacity, lifetime and safety of the battery. Using the accurate battery model for BMS and electric vehicles can improve energy efficiency, extend battery life and reduce safety risks. Therefore, it is important that the model can accurately reflect the battery behavior under different load conditions. In this study, the performance of Rint, Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), Thevenin, and Dual Polarization (DP) battery models, which are widely known in the literature, to simulate static and dynamic voltage behavior is compared. A 18650 NMC battery was used for this purpose, and Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC), Dynamic Stress Test (DST), Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP), and Constant Current (CC) discharge tests were performed. The performance of the models for the four tests is compared. The maximum error values for WLTP are 2.98 % in Rint, 1.32 % in PNGV, 2.80 % in Thevenin, and 1.09 % in DP. Comparing the performances of models for all tests, it is found that the DP model is the most accurate model under both constant and dynamic current conditions.