The climate change is accelerating with the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. CO2 capture and conversion are effective strategies for stabilizing such environmental conditions. In this study, a series of melamine-based porous organic polymers (POPs), each incorporating different aromatic aldehydes as linkers, were synthesized. The POPs (MPOP-6C, MPOP-6N, MPOP-5N, and MPOP-5O) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The gas adsorption characteristics, including adsorption-desorption isotherms, pore size distribution, and adsorption at 298 and 323 K, were assessed through a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The cycloaddition of CO2 with styrene oxide was performed using POPs as catalysts for conversion to styrene carbonate. Melamine-based POPs bearing heterocycles with high pi-electron densities exhibited enhanced CO2 selectivity performances. MPOP-6N, which incorporated a pyridine motif, exhibited a notable enhancement in the conversion rate among the synthesized catalysts.