Detection and comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody produced in naturally infected patients and vaccinated individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: multicenter cross-sectional study

Background Natural infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or vaccination triggers antibody production against key viral antigens. However, there is limited evidence on the levels of antibodies produced in naturally infected individuals compared to those vaccinated in Ethiopia. Therefore, we aimed to detect and compare SARS-CoV-2 antibodies produced by naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. Materials and methods We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study among a total of 355 naturally infected and 355 vaccinated individuals from November 2022 to April 2023 at 10 selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We enrolled the participants consecutively upon their arrival at health facilities until the required sample size was achieved. We used a structured questionnaire to collect data on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants. We also collected 3-5 ml of blood samples from all participants and tested for anti-Spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibodies using Cobas 6000. We utilized frequency, mean, or median to describe the data, the Mann-Whitney U test to compare groups, and a generalized linear regression model to assess factors associated with anti-S antibody concentration. We analyzed the data with SPSS version 26, and the level of significance was set at P-value < 0.05. Results Of the naturally infected participants, 352 (99.5%) had anti-S antibodies and all (100%) had anti-N antibodies, whereas among vaccinated participants, all (100%) had anti-S antibodies, while 323 (91.6%) had anti-N antibodies. Anti-S antibodies produced by vaccinated individuals were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those produced as a result of natural infection. Being young (P = 0.004), having hypertension (P < 0.001), and having diabetes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower anti-S antibody levels, while being recently vaccinated and having a higher number of vaccine doses were significantly associated with higher anti-S antibody concentrations in vaccinated participants. Having diabetes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower anti-S concentrations in participants who were naturally infected. Conclusion There is a high seropositivity rate in both naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. However, vaccinated individuals had higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than those who were naturally infected, which highlights the significant contribution of vaccination in increasing the protection of COVID-19 in Ethiopia.