Fundamental frequency and second harmonic mode-locked operations in an erbium-doped fiber laser based on Cr2Sn2Te6 saturable absorbers

With the rapid development of ultrafast photonics, the need for optical modulators is expanding. In particular, the optical modulator with a high damage threshold and the ability to generate multiple soliton states. This has prompted an ongoing search for optical modulators based on two-dimensional (2D) materials. Therefore, in this work, a novel 2D material Cr 2 Sn 2 Te 6 (CSnT) with modulation depth of 6.17% and saturation intensity of 15.97 MW/cm 2 is prepared as saturable absorber (SA). The nonlinear optical absorption characteristics and pulse modulation applications of CSnT are showed in the Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL). The fundamental frequency mode-locked operation and the second harmonic mode-locked operation are realized simultaneously in the ring cavity. Moreover, CSnT SA has a high damage threshold and high stability, the damage threshold reaches 467 mW and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is higher than 70 dB. The experimental findings demonstrate that the CSnT-based saturable absorber possesses remarkable nonlinear optical properties, indicating its considerable potential in the realm of ultrafast photonics.