Erwin Bunning and Wolfgang Engelmann: establishing the involvement of the circadian clock in photoperiodism

In 1936, Erwin Bunning published his groundbreaking work that the endogenous clock is used to measure day length for initiating photoperiodic responses. His publication triggered years of controversial debate until it ultimately became the basic axiom of rhythm research and the theoretical pillar of chronobiology. Bunning's thesis is frequently quoted in the articles in this special issue on the subject of "A clock for all seasons". However, nowadays only few people know in detail about Bunning's experiments and almost nobody knows about the contribution of his former doctoral student, Wolfgang Engelmann, to his theory because most work on this topic is published in German. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the most important experiments at that time, including Wolfgang Engelmann's doctoral thesis, in which he demonstrated the importance of the circadian clock for photoperiodic flower induction in the Flaming Katy, Kalancho & euml; blossfeldiana, but not in the Red Morning Glory, Ipomoea coccinea.