The Disparities in Assisted Reproductive Technology (DART) hypothesis, initially described in 2013 and further modified in 2022, is a conceptual framework to examine the scope and depth of underlying contributing factors to the differences in access and treatment outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities undergoing ART in the United States. In 2009, the World Health Organization defined infertility as a disease of the reproductive system, thus recognizing it as a medical problem warranting treatment. Now, infertility care is largely recognized as a human right. However, disparities in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI) care in the US persist today. While several studies and review articles have suggested possible solutions to racial and ethnic disparities in access and outcomes in ART, few have accounted for and addressed the multiple complex factors contributing to these disparities on a systemic level. This review aims to acknowledge and address the myriad of contributing factors through the DART hypothesis which converge in racial/ethnic disparities in ART and considers possible solutions to effect large scale societal change by narrowing these gaps within the next decade.
机构:
NYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
Blakemore, Jennifer K.
;
Maxwell, Susan M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Northwell Hlth Fertil New York City, New York, NY USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
Maxwell, Susan M.
;
Hodes-Wertz, Brooke
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
Hodes-Wertz, Brooke
;
Goldman, Kara N.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Div Reprod Endocrinol & Infertil, Chicago, IL 60611 USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Bleil, Maria E.
;
Gregorich, Steven E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Gregorich, Steven E.
;
Adler, Nancy E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Adler, Nancy E.
;
Sternfeld, Barbara
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Sternfeld, Barbara
;
Rosen, Mitchell P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Rosen, Mitchell P.
;
Cedars, Marcelle I.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
机构:
Penn State Hershey Med Ctr, Div Reprod Endocrinol & Infertil, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 500 Univ Dr,Suite C 3608,POB 850, Hershey, PA 17033 USAPenn State Hershey Med Ctr, Div Reprod Endocrinol & Infertil, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 500 Univ Dr,Suite C 3608,POB 850, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
机构:
Univ New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, AustraliaUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Chambers, Georgina M.
;
Sullivan, Elizabeth A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, AustraliaUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Sullivan, Elizabeth A.
;
Ishihara, Osamu
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Saitama Med Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Fac Med, Moroyama, Saitama, JapanUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Ishihara, Osamu
;
Chapman, Michael G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ New S Wales, Discipline Obstet & Gynecol, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Royal Hosp Women, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
St George Private Hosp, IVFAustralia So Sydney, Kogarah, NSW, AustraliaUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Chapman, Michael G.
;
Adamson, G. David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fertil Physicians No Calif, San Jose, CA USAUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
机构:
Univ Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Chua, S. J.
;
Danhof, N. A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Danhof, N. A.
;
Mochtar, M. H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Mochtar, M. H.
;
van Wely, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
van Wely, M.
;
McLernon, D. J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Aberdeen, Inst Appl Hlth Sci, Med Stat Team, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, ScotlandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
McLernon, D. J.
;
Custers, I
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Custers, I
;
Lee, E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Western Ultrasound Women, West Leederville, WA 6007, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Lee, E.
;
Dreyer, K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Dept Reprod Med, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Dreyer, K.
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Cahill, D. J.
;
Gillett, W. R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Otago, Dunedin Sch Med, Womens & Childrens Hlth, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Gillett, W. R.
;
Righarts, A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Otago, Dunedin Sch Med, Womens & Childrens Hlth, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Righarts, A.
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Strandell, A.
;
Rantsi, T.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Helsinki, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, HUS, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Univ Hosp, HUS, FI-00029 Helsinki, FinlandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Rantsi, T.
;
Schmidt, L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Copenhagen, Dept Publ Hlth, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, DenmarkUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Schmidt, L.
;
Eijkemans, M. J. C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Med Ctr, Julius Ctr, Dept Biostat & Res Support, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Eijkemans, M. J. C.
;
Mol, B. W. J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Adelaide, Robinson Res Inst, Discipline Obstet & Gynaecol, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
Monash Hlth, Monash Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
Monash Univ, Clayton, Vic 3800, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Mol, B. W. J.
;
van Eekelen, R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
机构:
NYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
Blakemore, Jennifer K.
;
Maxwell, Susan M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Northwell Hlth Fertil New York City, New York, NY USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
Maxwell, Susan M.
;
Hodes-Wertz, Brooke
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
Hodes-Wertz, Brooke
;
Goldman, Kara N.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Div Reprod Endocrinol & Infertil, Chicago, IL 60611 USANYU, Langone Fertil Ctr, 660 First Ave,5th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Bleil, Maria E.
;
Gregorich, Steven E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Gregorich, Steven E.
;
Adler, Nancy E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Adler, Nancy E.
;
Sternfeld, Barbara
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kaiser Permanente No Calif, Div Res, Oakland, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Sternfeld, Barbara
;
Rosen, Mitchell P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Rosen, Mitchell P.
;
Cedars, Marcelle I.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
机构:
Penn State Hershey Med Ctr, Div Reprod Endocrinol & Infertil, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 500 Univ Dr,Suite C 3608,POB 850, Hershey, PA 17033 USAPenn State Hershey Med Ctr, Div Reprod Endocrinol & Infertil, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, 500 Univ Dr,Suite C 3608,POB 850, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
机构:
Univ New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, AustraliaUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Chambers, Georgina M.
;
Sullivan, Elizabeth A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, AustraliaUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Sullivan, Elizabeth A.
;
Ishihara, Osamu
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Saitama Med Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Fac Med, Moroyama, Saitama, JapanUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Ishihara, Osamu
;
Chapman, Michael G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ New S Wales, Discipline Obstet & Gynecol, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Royal Hosp Women, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
St George Private Hosp, IVFAustralia So Sydney, Kogarah, NSW, AustraliaUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
Chapman, Michael G.
;
Adamson, G. David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fertil Physicians No Calif, San Jose, CA USAUniv New S Wales, Perinatal & Reprod Epidemiol Res Unit, Sch Womens & Childrens Hlth, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
机构:
Univ Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Chua, S. J.
;
Danhof, N. A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Danhof, N. A.
;
Mochtar, M. H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Mochtar, M. H.
;
van Wely, M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
van Wely, M.
;
McLernon, D. J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Aberdeen, Inst Appl Hlth Sci, Med Stat Team, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, ScotlandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
McLernon, D. J.
;
Custers, I
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Custers, I
;
Lee, E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Western Ultrasound Women, West Leederville, WA 6007, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Lee, E.
;
Dreyer, K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Dept Reprod Med, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Dreyer, K.
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Cahill, D. J.
;
Gillett, W. R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Otago, Dunedin Sch Med, Womens & Childrens Hlth, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Gillett, W. R.
;
Righarts, A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Otago, Dunedin Sch Med, Womens & Childrens Hlth, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Righarts, A.
;
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Strandell, A.
;
Rantsi, T.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Helsinki, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, HUS, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Univ Hosp, HUS, FI-00029 Helsinki, FinlandUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Rantsi, T.
;
Schmidt, L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Copenhagen, Dept Publ Hlth, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, DenmarkUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Schmidt, L.
;
Eijkemans, M. J. C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Med Ctr, Julius Ctr, Dept Biostat & Res Support, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Eijkemans, M. J. C.
;
Mol, B. W. J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Adelaide, Robinson Res Inst, Discipline Obstet & Gynaecol, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
Monash Hlth, Monash Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
Monash Univ, Clayton, Vic 3800, AustraliaUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Mol, B. W. J.
;
van Eekelen, R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Ctr Reprod Med, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, NetherlandsUniv Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia