Stress responses and Physiological Changes of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis on Short-Term and Long-Term Benzalkonium Bromide Adaptation

Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne pathogen that poses significant safety risks across the world. And benzalkonium bromide (BK) is widely used as a disinfectant to sterilize the food processing equipment. It has been reported that sub-lethal concentration of disinfectants induced not only the homologous resistance but also cross-resistances. This work analyzed the induced resistances of Salmonella Enteritidis by short-term adaptation (STA) and long-term adaptation (LTA) to BK. We have demonstrated that inefficient sterilization exposes Salmonella Enteritidis to sub-lethal concentrations of BK, and adapts bacteria to a higher minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. In addition, STA, but not LTA, to BK induced heterogeneous resistance to sodium hypochlorite, and cross-resistance to freezing, desiccation, and heating, which may be caused by the membrane composition change of Salmonella Enteritidis. This work could be useful to the optimization of cleaning protocol.